Vaccination is well-accepted as an effective method to prevent infections by mounting pathogen-specific immune responses prior to the infection. Usually, immunization with vaccine antigens alone is not able to induce robust or long-lasting immune responses resulting in failure of protective immunity against infections. Thus, adjuvants are required to enhance cellular or humoral immune responses upon immunization. Because vaccine adjuvants using Lipid A have proven to be safe and effective in inducing Th-1 type immune responses to heterologous proteins in animal and human vaccines. PHAD is a synthetic structural analog of monophosphoryl Lipid A (MPLA) that has been shown to boost the immune system through activation of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) resulting in production of proinflammatory cytokines and antigen-specific effector CD4+ and memory CD8+ T cells. Also referred to as GLA, this adjuvant has been administered to well over 1000 human subjects without serious adverse events.
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